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19761776 Club

Missouri rescinds its order to exterminate the Mormons; Bond signs a formal apology after 138 years

Governor Kit Bond voids Executive Order 44, Lilburn Boggs's 1838 command that Mormons be "exterminated or driven from the State," as part of the nation's Bicentennial celebrations.

For 137 years, a standing executive order on the books of the state of Missouri commanded that its Mormon residents be "exterminated or driven from the State." Governor Kit Bond signed the rescission on June 25, 1976 — part of the U.S. Bicentennial celebrations — formally apologizing on behalf of all Missourians for "the injustice and undue suffering" caused by Governor Lilburn Boggs's Executive Order 44, issued October 27, 1838. The gesture arrived 138 years late, but it arrived…

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More from June 25
1788

Virginia ratifies, 89 to 79; the union's largest state is in

Patrick Henry's three weeks of thunder fall short as Edmund Randolph switches sides, and the promise of a Bill of Rights seals the margin.
2013

CIA releases documents confirming a classified base at Groom Lake, Nevada exists

The disclosure, triggered by a Freedom of Information Act request filed eight years ago by a George Washington University researcher, answers narrow historical questions; current operations remain classified.
1950

North Korean guns open on the 38th parallel at dawn; Seoul has no tanks to stop them

Kim Il Sung's forces pour south into an almost entirely unprepared country; the U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion, and Truman moves toward committing U.S. troops.
19981776 Club
The Presentment Clause forbids the president from unilaterally excising provisions from enacted law, the Court rules, voiding cuts to a New York liability exemption and a Snake River potato-farmer tax break.
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More from Cold War America
1983

A Soviet screen shows five U.S. missiles inbound; the duty officer calls it a glitch

Stanislav Petrov had no proof the alarm was false, only a hunch that a real attack would look different.
1976

Six Flags opens the world's first modern looping coaster; the Great American Revolution launches at Magic Mountain

The ride debuts in the park's Bicentennial summer, sending riders through a complete vertical loop for the first time on a modern steel coaster.
1955

West Germany joins NATO; a former enemy is now the alliance's eastern front against Moscow

Bonn gains full sovereignty and enters the Atlantic pact today, putting Western troops and nuclear guarantees on the Soviet Union's doorstep.
1946

A V-2 rises over White Sands; America fires a German rocket on its own soil for the first time

The missile that killed an estimated 9,000 civilians in London and Antwerp flies without a warhead, guided by manuals translated from German, as its builders work nearby under Operation Paperclip.
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